Spinal stenosis occurs when the spaces within the spine narrow, putting pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerves. The narrowing can occur in the central spinal canal or in the openings where nerves exit the spine (foramina).
This pressure on the nerves can lead to pain, numbness, or weakness. Spinal stenosis most commonly affects the lower back (lumbar spine) but can also occur in the neck.
The condition often develops gradually and may worsen over time.
Symptoms depend on which nerves are affected but may include:
Symptoms often improve when sitting, bending forward, or resting.
Spinal stenosis is usually caused by age-related changes in the spine.
Common causes include:
Less common causes include congenital spine abnormalities, scoliosis, Paget’s disease, and achondroplasia.
Diagnosis begins with a medical history and physical examination. A doctor will evaluate symptoms, spinal movement, reflexes, strength, and balance.
Imaging and diagnostic tests may include:
These tests help determine the location and severity of spinal narrowing.
Treatment usually begins with non-surgical care.
Common treatment options include:
If symptoms continue, steroid injections may be used to reduce inflammation around compressed nerves.
Surgery may be recommended when symptoms are severe, progressive, or when nerve compression leads to significant weakness, loss of bowel or bladder control, or other serious complications.
Persistent lower back pain, neck pain, or radiating nerve pain should not be ignored. Early evaluation allows for proper diagnosis and targeted treatment, helping prevent progression and long-term complications.
