Degenerative disc disease occurs when one or more spinal discs break down over time. Spinal discs sit between the bones of the spine (vertebrae) and act as cushions that absorb shock and allow the spine to move.
Each disc has a soft inner center called the nucleus pulposus and a strong outer ring called the annulus fibrosus. As discs age, they can lose water, become thinner, and develop small tears. These changes reduce the disc’s ability to cushion the spine and may lead to pain.
Degenerative disc disease most commonly affects the lower back (lumbar spine) or neck (cervical spine).
Some people with degenerative disc disease have no symptoms. When symptoms occur, they often include:
In some cases, disc degeneration may irritate nearby nerves and cause numbness, tingling, or weakness.
Degenerative disc disease is usually caused by natural aging and wear on the spine.
Common causes include:
These changes can cause discs to weaken, thin, or collapse.
Diagnosis usually begins with a medical history and physical examination. A doctor will evaluate pain, mobility, reflexes, and muscle strength.
Imaging tests may be used to confirm the diagnosis, including:
These tests help identify the location and severity of disc degeneration.
Treatment typically starts with non-surgical care. Many patients improve with conservative treatment.
Common treatment options include:
If pain continues, interventional pain management procedures may be recommended, including:
Surgery may be considered when other treatments fail to relieve symptoms or when severe nerve compression occurs.
Persistent lower back pain, neck pain, or radiating nerve pain should not be ignored. Early evaluation allows for proper diagnosis and targeted treatment, helping prevent progression and long-term complications.
