A herniated disc occurs when the soft inner material of a spinal disc pushes through a tear in the outer layer. Spinal discs sit between the bones of the spine (vertebrae) and act as cushions that absorb shock and allow the spine to move.
Each disc has a soft center called the nucleus pulposus and a tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosus. When the outer layer weakens or tears, the inner material can bulge or leak out.
If the herniated disc presses on a nearby nerve, it can cause pain, numbness, or weakness. Herniated discs most commonly occur in the lower back (lumbar spine) or neck (cervical spine).
Some people with a herniated disc have no symptoms. When symptoms occur, they depend on the location of the disc.
Common symptoms include:
A herniated disc in the lower back may cause pain in the buttocks, legs, or feet. A herniated disc in the neck may cause shoulder pain and pain that travels down the arm.
A herniated disc can develop for several reasons.
Common causes include:
Discs that have gradually weakened over time are more likely to herniate after an injury.
Diagnosis begins with a medical history and physical examination. A doctor will check strength, sensation, reflexes, and movement to identify possible nerve compression.
Tests that may help confirm the diagnosis include:
These imaging tests help determine the location of the herniated disc and whether nearby nerves are affected.
Most herniated discs improve with non-surgical treatment.
Common treatment options include:
Surgery may be recommended if symptoms are severe, persistent, or if there is significant nerve compression causing weakness or loss of bowel or bladder control.
Persistent lower back pain, neck pain, or radiating nerve pain should not be ignored. Early evaluation allows for proper diagnosis and targeted treatment, helping prevent progression and long-term complications.
